Isingeniso
Amanzi ayinsiza ebaluleke kakhulu esekela impucuko yabantu, ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, kanye nenqubekelaphambili yezimboni. Kodwa-ke, emlandweni wesimanjemanje, amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa amanzi emadolobheni asebenza ngokubonakala okulinganiselwe ngokuphawulekayo mayelana namaphethini wangempela okusetshenziswa, ukulahlekelwa kwesistimu, nokusebenza kahle kokusabalalisa. Njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni wonke landa, izikhungo zasemadolobheni ziya ziminyene, futhi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kushintsha amaphethini omlando we-hydrological, ukukalwa okunembile kwamanzi kuye kwashintsha kusukela emsebenzini oyisisekelo wokubala kukamasipala kwaba insika ebalulekile yokusimama kwemvelo nokuphila komnotho. Ithuluzi eliyinhloko elinikezwe umsebenzi wokuvala leli gebe phakathi kokunikezwa kanye nesidingo imitha yamanzi. Ngaphandle kokulinganisa okunembile, izinsiza azikwazi ukubuyisa izindleko zokusebenza, abathengi abakwazi ukukala imizamo yabo yokonga, futhi ukuvuza kwengqalasizinda efihliwe kungase kungabonakali izinyanga, kumoshe izigidi zamalitha amanzi ahlanzekile.
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, ubuchwepheshe obushumekwe ngaphakathi kwamamitha amanzi buye baba nokuguquguquka okujulile. Imboni inwetshiwe kusukela ekuthembeleni kumathuluzi ayimishini kuphela kuya ekwamukelweni kwezinzwa zikagesi eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye namanodi edatha axhumeke ngokugcwele. Namuhla, imakethe ihlukaniswe kabanzi ngezigaba ezintathu ezihlukene zobuchwepheshe: mechanical, digital, kanye namamitha amanzi ahlakaniphile. Isigaba ngasinye simelela inkathi ehlukile yokusungula izinto ezintsha zobunjiniyela, futhi ngasinye sinikeza izinzuzo eziyingqayizivele kanye nezinzuzo zohwebo{3}}kuye ngezidingo ezithile, amandla ezezimali, nokulungela ingqalasizinda kamasipala okhiphayo noma ibhizinisi lezentengiso. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukahluka kubalulekile kubaphathi besimanje bamanzi, onjiniyela, nabanikazi bezindawo abafuna ukufakazela{5}ubufakazi bezinhlelo zabo zokusabalalisa esikhathini esizayo futhi baqhubekisele phambili ukusebenza kahle kwamandla nezisetshenziswa.
Mechanical Water Meters: Isikhathi-Ama-Workhorses Ahloliwe
Iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, amamitha amanzi ayimishini asebenze njengesisekelo esingenakuphikiswa sengqalasizinda yokulinganisa amanzi emhlabeni jikelele. Lezi zixhobo zithembele ngokuphelele emandleni angokoqobo amanzi agelezayo ukushayela umshini wangaphakathi, ojika ngokuzenzakalelayo uchungechunge lwamagiya axhunywe kurejista ephathekayo noma ukudayela ebusweni bemitha. Ngenxa yokuthi asebenza ngezimiso zokusebenzisa amanzi kanye nemishini kuphela, lawa mamitha awadingi amandla kagesi angaphandle noma amabhethri angaphakathi ukuze asebenze. Lokhu kubenza baqine ngendlela emangalisayo ezindaweni ezingazodwa, zasemakhaya, noma ezingaphansi komhlaba lapho ingqalasizinda kagesi ingekho ngokuphelele.
Amamitha wamanzi emishini ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa abe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko-ezincike endleleni asebenzisana ngayo nekholomu yamanzi: amamitha okufuduka kanye namamitha esivinini. Amamitha okufuduka, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi amamitha okuthutha amahle, avame kakhulu ezindaweni zokuhlala. Zisebenza ngomzila wamanzi ngokusebenzisa ikamelo lokulinganisa lomthamo owaziwayo. Uketshezi oludlulayo luphoqa ingxenye yangaphakathi, njengediski enempilo noma i-oscillating piston, ukuthi ijikeleze ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ukuzungezisa ngakunye kuhambisana nomthamo oqondile wamanzi adlule ekamelweni. Lawa mamitha anembe ngendlela emangalisayo ekulinganiseni amazinga okugeleza aphansi kuye kwamaphakathi, okuwenza alungele ukuthwebula ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya lapho amanzi edonsa khona ngezikhathi ezithile, ngenani elincane.
Amamitha esivinini, ngakolunye uhlangothi, akala isivinini sekholomu yamanzi ngendawo eyaziwayo-eyingxenye yesigaba ukuze kubalwe isamba sevolumu. Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zifaka i-turbine, i-multi{2}}jet, namamitha e-Woltman. Kulezi zisetshenziswa, amanzi aphoqelela i-impeller yangaphakathi noma isondo le-turbine ukuthi lijikeleze ngesivinini esilingana ngokuqondile nesivinini sokugeleza. Amamitha esivinini ahamba phambili emigqeni emikhulu yezohwebo, yezimboni, kanye nekamasipala lapho amanzi amaningi ehamba ngesivinini esisheshayo.
Ukuduma okuhlala njalo kwamamitha amanzi ayimishini kubangelwa ukuqina kwawo okukhethekile, irekhodi elide lokwethembeka, kanye nenani lokuthenga eliphansi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, banobuthakathaka bemvelo obuba yinkinga kakhulu ekuphathweni kwezinsiza zesimanje. Ngenxa yokuthi aqukethe izingxenye ezinyakazayo, amamitha ayimishini ahlushwa ukuguga okungenakugwemeka okungokomzimba ngenxa yokuphila okunwetshiwe kokusebenza. Njengoba amagiya angaphakathi, ama-piston, noma ama-bearings ehla, imitha ngokwemvelo ilahlekelwa ukunemba, cishe njalo ngaphansi-kokubhalisa inani langempela lamanzi asetshenzisiwe. Lokhu kuholela emazingeni akhuphukayo amanzi angakhokhisiwe, ngokuvamile aziwa ngokuthi-amanzi emali engenayo, amele ukulahlekelwa kwezimali okuqondile kwezinsiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amamitha asetshenziswayo angonakaliswa kalula noma alinyazwe unomphela yisihlabathi, ukugqwala, noma ezinye izinhlayiya ezilengiswe emanzini, futhi ukuthembela kwawo ekudayileni okungokoqobo kudinga inqubo{7}}eqhutshwa abantu{8}}eqhutshwa abantu yendlu{9}}ngokuqoqwa{10}}ngokuqoqwa kwedatha yasendlini.
Amamitha Amanzi Adijithali: Inguquko Ye-elekthronikhi
Ukuze kunqotshwe ukulinganiselwa ngokomzimba kanye nokuwohloka kokunemba okuhlobene nezingxenye ezihambayo, imboni yokuphatha amanzi yakha amamitha amanzi edijithali, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi amamitha amanzi amile noma ama-electronic. Lawa mathuluzi asusa ngokuphelele ama-pistons angaphakathi, ama-disc, nama-impellers esikhathi esidlule, esikhundleni salokho akhetha{1}}izinzwa zikagesi zesimo esiqinile ezikala ukugeleza kwamanzi kusetshenziswa izimiso ezithuthukisiwe zomzimba neze-acoustic. Ngokususa zonke izingxenye ezinyakazayo endleleni yoketshezi, amamitha wamanzi edijithali anciphisa kakhulu ukuguga kwemishini, eqinisekisa ukuthi idivayisi igcina ukunemba okulinganiselwe kwefekthri kuyo yonke impilo yayo yokusebenza, evamise ukuthatha iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu kuya kumashumi amabili.
Ubuchwepheshe obubili obunamandla obunika amandla amamitha wamanzi edijithali ukulinganisa kwe-electromagnetic kanye ne-ultrasonic. Amamitha wamanzi ka-electromagnetic asebenza ngezimiso zoMthetho kaFaraday Wokungeniswa kwe-Electromagnetic. Imitha ikhiqiza inkambu kazibuthe eyenziwe yasendaweni ngaphakathi kweshubhu yayo yokugeleza. Njengoba amanzi, ngokwemvelo aqukethe ama-ion ahambayo, egeleza kule nsimu kazibuthe, enza amandla kagesi alingane ngokuqondile nesivinini soketshezi. Ama-electrode azwela kakhulu athatha le voltage, futhi i-microprocessor yangaphakathi iyihumusha ibe izinga lokugeleza kwevolumu enembe ngendlela emangalisayo. Amamitha kagesi aqine ngendlela emangalisayo futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini nasekulawuleni amanzi angcolile ngoba indlela yawo yokugeleza engavimbeki ngokuphelele ivumela uketshezi oluthwele izinto eziqinile ezilengisiwe noma imfucumfucu ukuba idlule ngaphandle kokudala umonakalo noma ukuvaleka.
Amamitha wamanzi e-Ultrasonic asebenzisa-amaza omsindo wemvamisa ephezulu ukuze anqume amazinga okugeleza. Lawa madivaysi afaka amapheya ama-acoustic transducer amiswe abhekene phakathi kwepayipi. I-transducer eyodwa ithumela isignali ye-ultrasonic ezansi nomfula kuyilapho enye ithumela isignali phezulu nomfula. Isikhathi sokuthutha segagasi lomsindo elihamba nokugeleza kwamanzi sifushane kunesikhathi sokuthutha segagasi elihamba ngokumelene nalo. Ngokubala lo mehluko omncane ngesikhathi ngokunemba okwedlulele, isifunda se-elekthronikhi sangaphakathi sinquma isivinini samanzi esiqondile.
Amamitha amanzi edijithali anikeza izinzuzo ezimangalisayo ngaphezu kokhokho bawo bemishini. Banobubanzi obubanzi kakhulu bokulinganisa obuguqukayo, okusho ukuthi bangakwazi ukubona futhi barekhode ngokunembile amazinga okugeleza aphansi kakhulu, njengompompi odonsayo, ongasheshi, ongahluleka ukubhalisa imitha eyimishini. Aphinde avikeleke ekulimaleni kwenhlabathi emisiwe nesihlabathi. Kodwa-ke, ukushintshela kubuchwepheshe bedijithali bethula ukucatshangelwa okusha. Amamitha edijithali ancike ngokuphelele kumabhethri angaphakathi ukuze anike amandla izinzwa zawo, amaphrosesa, nezibonisi zekristalu eliwuketshezi lwedijithali. Uma ibhethri lehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngenxa yamazinga okushisa emvelo adlulele, imitha iba ingasebenzi-kakhulu. Ukwengeza, amamitha edijithali abiza kakhulu ukuwathenga ekuqaleni, futhi izakhi zawo ze-elekthronikhi ezibucayi zingaba sengozini yokuphazanyiswa okunzima kazibuthe kagesi noma ukuchayeka isikhathi eside emigodini egqwalayo engaphansi komhlaba egcwele amanzi uma izigxivizo zezindlu ziba sengozini.
Amamitha Amanzi Ahlakaniphile: I-Architecture Exhunyiwe ye-AMI ne-AMR
Nakuba amamitha edijithali exazulula izinselele zokuguga nokunemba komzimba, amamitha amanzi ahlakaniphile abhekana nesidingo esibalulekile sokuxhumana kwedatha okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokuxhumana okuhlelekile. Imitha yamanzi ehlakaniphile empeleni iyimitha ephezulu{1}}enembayo yomshini noma yedijithali ehlanganiswe nemojula yokuxhumana ye-elekthronikhi yamandla aphansi{2}. Le mojula ivumela imitha ukuthi isebenze njengendawo yedatha esebenzayo, ehlakaniphile phakathi kwenethiwekhi ebanzi kamasipala noma yesakhiwo, eguqula ukukalwa kwamanzi ukusuka kumcimbi ozimele, wanyanga zonke ukuya ekusakazeni{4}}isikhathi sangempela,{4}}kwangempela kwedatha engenzeka.
Ukuvela kwezinhlelo zamamitha amanzi ahlakaniphile ngokuvamile kubukwa ngezinhlaka ezimbili zokusebenza: I-Automated Meter Reading, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-AMR, kanye ne-Advanced Metering Infrastructure, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-AMI. I-Automated Meter Reading imele isinyathelo sokuqala sokwenza izinto zibe zesimanjemanje. Kusistimu ye-AMR, imitha ehlakaniphile iqhubeka nokusakaza idatha yayo yokusetshenziswa ngamaza amafushane{2}}ebanga lerediyo. Kunokuba bahambe ngezinyawo bekhuphukela kumgodi ngamunye wemitha ukuze bafunde ukudayela, izisebenzi zensizakalo zingashayela zehle ngomgwaqo-nesamukeli esigibele isithuthi noma zidlule izakhiwo ngedivayisi ephathwa ngesandla. Isistimu ikhipha idatha ngokuzenzakalelayo njengoba idlula. Nakuba i-AMR inyusa kakhulu isivinini sokuqoqwa kwedatha futhi ithuthukisa ukuphepha kwezisebenzi, ihlala iyindlela yezikhathi ezithile, esebenzayo yokuqoqa idatha.
I-Advanced Metering Infrastructure imele isiqongo sobuchwepheshe bamanzi ahlakaniphile besimanje. I-AMI isungula inethiwekhi yokuxhumana ehlala njalo, engaguquki, eqondiswa kabili kuyo yonke indawo yesevisi. Amamitha amanzi ahlakaniphile kunethiwekhi ye-AMI awalindi ukuthi adluliswe yimoto; esikhundleni salokho, zidlulisela ngokuzenzakalelayo idatha yokusetshenziswa enemininingwane eminingi ngezikhathi ezivamile, njengehora ngalinye, kumaseva ensiza aphakathi nendawo. Lokhu kuxhumana kufinyelelwa kusetshenziswa amaphrothokholi enethiwekhi ehlukene{{3}ebanzi yamandla{4}}endawo aphansi, okuhlanganisa i-inthanethi yeselula yezinto zobuchwepheshe, i-LoRaWAN, namanethiwekhi omsakazo we-mesh obunikazi.
Izinzuzo ezihleliwe zenethiwekhi yemitha yamanzi ehlakaniphile ye-AMI esetshenziswe ngokugcwele iwuguquko kukho kokubili izinsiza nakubathengi. Ngoba idatha idluliselwa ngokuqhubekayo, izinsiza zingasebenzisa{1}}ama-algorithms okuthola ukuvuza kwesikhathi sangempela. Uma i-smart meter yekhasimende irekhoda ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuqhubekayo, okungaphazamiseki amahora angamashumi amabili{3}nane alandelanayo, isistimu ihlaba umkhosi lokhu okudidayo njengokuvuza okungenzeka kakhulu futhi ingathumela ngokuzenzakalelayo isaziso ku-smartphone yomnikazi wendlu. Lokhu kungenelela okusheshayo kuvimbela ukulimala okuyinhlekelele kwempahla futhi konga amanzi amaningi ahlanzekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amamitha amanzi ahlakaniphile aqeda isidingo sokuthi abasebenzi bangene ezindaweni ezizimele ukuze bafunde amamitha, ehlisa kakhulu izindleko zokusebenza kanye negesi ekhishwa yizimoto. Baphinde banike amandla abathengi ngokubavumela ukuthi bangene ezingosini zewebhu zabo ukuze balandelele imikhuba yabo yamanzi yansuku zonke, babeke imigomo yokonga, futhi baqonde indawo yabo yemvelo ngesikhathi sangempela.
Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo Nemibandela Yokukhetha Imboni
Ukukhetha imitha yamanzi efanelekile akuyona into elula yokukhetha ubuchwepheshe obusha kakhulu; kunalokho, idinga ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kokutholakala kwezimali, izindawo zokusebenza, ikhwalithi yamanzi, kanye{0}}nemigomo yamasu yesikhathi eside. Komasipala abaningi abancane noma izifunda zamanzi zasemakhaya ezinesabelomali esilinganiselwe semali kanye nezindleko eziphansi zabasebenzi, amamitha amanzi ayimishini evamile ahlala eyisinqumo esisebenza kakhulu nesinengqondo. Izindleko zabo zangaphambili eziphansi nokuba lula ziqinisekisa ukuthi zinganakekelwa ochwepheshe abajwayelekile ngaphandle kokudinga ukuqeqeshwa kwesoftware okukhethekile noma izivumelwano zokuphepha ku-inthanethi.
Kodwa-ke, uma izinsiza zihlola isamba sezindleko zobunikazi esikhathini{0}seminyaka engamashumi amabili, ukuphikisana kwezezimali kuvame ukugudluka kuvume amamitha amanzi edijithali nawe-smart water. Nakuba imali yokuqala yokutshalwa kwezimali yokusetshenziswa kwemitha ehlakaniphile ye-AMI iphezulu kakhulu kunokukhishwa kwemishini, ukonga{2}}kwesikhathi eside okukhiqizwa ngokuqeda umsebenzi wokufunda imitha ngesandla, ukwehlisa{3}}amanzi angenayo imali engenayo ngokunemba okuthuthukisiwe, kanye nokunciphisa izingxabano zamakhasimende ngamalogi edatha edijithali anembile ngokuvamile athethelela izindleko.
Izinga lamanzi libuye linqume ukukhethwa kwemishini. Ezifundeni lapho ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kamasipala kuqukethe amazinga aphezulu okukala kwamaminerali, isihlabathi esicolekile, noma i-particle, amamitha omshini ahlangabezana nokuguga okusheshayo kanye nokwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kulezi zindawo ezithile, ukutshala imali kumamitha we-digital ultrasonic noma i-electromagnetic kunenzuzo enkulu, njengoba ukwakheka kwawo okuqinile{2}}kuqinisekisa{3}}ukunemba kwesikhathi eside naphezu kwezimo zoketshezi eziyinselele. Okokugcina, ukuthunyelwa ngempumelelo kwamamitha amanzi ahlakaniphile kuncike kakhulu kwingqalasizinda yezokuxhumana yesifunda. Insiza ayikwazi ukusebenzisa amandla e-AMI uma inethiwekhi yeselula yasendaweni noma ukusakazwa komsakazo kungamabala noma uma inhlangano intula ulwazi lwezakhiwo lobuchwepheshe obudingekayo ukuze kugcinwe, kuvikelwe, futhi kuhlaziywe ukungena okukhulu kwedatha yokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke.
Isiphetho
Ukuguqulwa kwamamitha amanzi ukusuka kuzibali eziyisisekelo, ezihlukanisiwe zemishini ukuze zibe amaphrosesa edatha esifundazwe axhumene,{0}}kuphawula ingqopha-mlando emizamweni yethu yomhlaba wonke yokuphatha imithombo yemvelo ebalulekile. Amamitha amanzi ayimishini ayaqhubeka nokunikeza inhlonipho ngobulula bawo bomzimba obungenakuqhathaniswa kanye nokuqina okuzimele kokusebenza, okusebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi ubunjiniyela bokusebenza busenenani elikhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, amamitha wamanzi edijithali akhuphule izinga lemboni yokunemba nokuphila isikhathi eside ngokushintsha izingxenye ezihambayo ezintekenteke ngamagagasi kagesi athule, anembile. Ehlezi esicongweni sale nguquko, amamitha amanzi ahlakaniphile ahlanganisa lawa makhono okulinganisa abe yindwangu yedijithali yedolobha lesimanje elihlakaniphile, ekhuthaza indawo esobala ngokuphelele, ukongiwa okusebenzayo, kanye nokusabela ngokushesha kwengqalasizinda.
Njengoba amadolobha anda kanye nokushoda kwamanzi kukhula, ukuthembela ezinhlelweni eziphelelwe yisikhathi, ezisebenzayo zokuphatha idatha ngokushesha kuba ukunethezeka okungalawuleki. Ukwamukelwa kwengqalasizinda yesimanje yedijithali kanye namanzi kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekwakheni imiphakathi ekwazi ukumelana nesimo sezulu{1}ehambisana nesimo sezulu. Ngokutshala imali kubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa obufanele, umphakathi ungasuka ekuxhashazweni okulula kwezinsiza kanye nokuguqukela ekusaseni lokuphatha amanzi ngobuhlakani, ngokulinganayo, futhi ngempumelelo kakhulu.